【顧家寧】《孟子一包養網站師說》與黃宗羲的孟子詮釋

【Author Introduction】

Attorney Ning, Ph.D. in philosophy, lecturer at the Beijing Aerospace Advanced Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, and a professional cadet student in Chinese philosophy, civilization communication and governance.

【Abstract】

“Mencius’s Sayings” is a highly characteristic work in Benzi’s history. Its thoughts and “Mingyi Waiting to Visit” are closely related, which is the inheritance and development of the latter. This development can be integrated into two aspects. One is to deepen the existing content of “To be visited”, and the other is to extend the content of “To be visited” without any exposure and extension of the content of “To be visited”. The former represents a theoretical explanation of the new monarch and minister ethics, common opinions, rule of law and other issues that are the focus of “To be visited”, while the latter is now thinking about the connection between the mind and nature of the confidant and the nature of the society and politics. Huang Zongxi’s Mencius’s remarks reflect the characteristics of the transformation of Confucian political philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and through the classical method, the transformation of this ideological transformation is integrated into the sustainability of the development of Confucianism itself.

1. “The Talk of Mencius” and “Mingyi Waiting to Visit”

Huang Zongxi and Mencius’ Thoughts have long been pointed out by scholars.就政治思惟而言，蕭公權認為，“《待訪錄》之最高道理出自《孟子》之貴平易近與《禮記》之全國為公。”[1]近年來，亦有學者從君主觀、反動論與君國關系等方面闡釋黃宗羲之于孟子政治思惟的發展變化。 [2] In the philosophical historical perspective, “The Sayings of Mencius” is represented byMencius’s thinking on the mind and nature also became the main resource for Huang Zongxi to reflect on the Song and Ming dynasties and conduct philosophical transformation. [3]

The academic community’s discussion on the relationship between Huang Zongxi and Mencius’s thoughts often focus on the two fields of political thinking and philosophy. Each of them regards “To be visited” and “Mencius’s Sayings” as the middle texts. In contrast, the correlation between the two is not very meaningful. In fact, whether in terms of textual ties or thinking content, “To be visited” is closely related to “Speaking by Mencius”. First, the writing time of “The Talk of Mencius” and “To be Accessed”. “Mingyi Waiting to Visit” was written in the second year of Kangxi (1663). Based on the examination of Teacher Wu Guang, “The Talk of Mencius” was initially written in the seventh year of Kangxi (1668)[4]. [5] In the years before this, Huang Zongxi had already systematically read the Lushan Huo. The topic of “Mencius’s Talk” says:

The ancestor Liu Zi wrote “State” in “Big Learning”, “Safety of the Mean”, and “Study of the Scholars” in “The Discourse”, all of which are sent by his subtle words, and “Mencius” has no book in “Mencius”. Xi read “Liu Zi’s Book” and was very interested in the years. He roughly understood the main theme of the teacher and decided to take the meaning of the teacher. Therefore, he formed the seven volumes of “Mencius’s Talk”, which was to make up for what he had not prepared or could not achieve anything he had to pay, so that those who know the teacher, the chief teacher, would like to discuss the truth. [6]

As the word “teacher” reminds, Liu Zongzhou’s philosophical thinking formed a place for Huang Zongxi and Mencius to a relatively high level. However, “Mencius Sayings” is not only a recap of the thoughts of the pioneers, but also a new understanding of Huang Zongxi’s own. “If we discuss later, Zhou Cheng’s Yuan, Zhu Rong’s prosperity, Yao Jiang’s prosperity, and Shan’s fortune, who is the best, who is the best? “[7] Through the commentary of Mencius, Huang Zongxi tried to reflect, criticize and integrate the Song and Ming dynasties traditions represented by Zhu Xi and Yang Ming. The deep-seated and intimate aspects behind it is the reflection on the demise of the Ming Dynasty in the hearts and political systems. If the completion of “To be visited” marks the maturity of Huang Zongxi’s political system, then the writing of “Mencius” expresses his thoughts to a deeper extension.

Secondly, in terms of the content of thinking, “The Sayings of Mencius” is also closely related to “To be Visited”. On the one hand, many of the main political thinking issues in “To be visited” have been awarded more profound insights in “Mencius’s Lecture”. On the other hand, some of the main political thinking issues that have not yet been covered by “To be Visited” such as historical philosophy, the meaning of kings and dominance, the nature and the meaning of the mind and character, etc., have also received sufficient discussion in “Mencius’s Talk”, which has expanded the depth of thinking in “To Be Visited”. Fang Zuyou pointed out that “Mencius’s Talk” contains both the philosophical thoughts of the original poem and theUnder the initiation of learning, the historical explanation of Mencius’s words “one for one treatment” that was summarized in this chapter, which is consistent with “Admission”, is consistent with “Admission”, so it can be called the “Admission”. [8] In fact, the development of “Mencius’s Talk” in “To be Visited” is not limited to history. In many aspects such as political ethics and political philosophy, it has formed a deep addition and further explanation of “To be Visited”. If it is said that “To be Visited” concentrates on the disruptive factors in Huang Zongxi’s political thinking, then the classical description of “The Sayings of Mencius” will make this breakthrough rooted in the deep and folded traditional soil.

2. Political Ethics: The meaning of the monarch and the ministers and the will of heaven and the people

The relationship between the monarch, the ministers and the common people has become the central problem of traditional political ethics. In terms of the relationship between the king and the subject, “To be visited” proposes that “the ministers and the monarch are different but in the same name.” [9] In “The Tale of Mencius”, Huang Zongxi, on the one hand, used Mencius to consolidate the classical basis of the above-mentioned new monarch and minister ethics, and on the other hand, he also injected new connotations rich in the characteristics of the times to Mencius’s thoughts. In terms of the relationship between the king and the common people, “To be visited” emphasizes that “the whole country is the main, and the king is the guest.” [10] “Mencius’s Sayings” proposes that the will of heaven is purely seen from the people’s atmosphere, which further highlights the importance of the common people.

1. The meaning of the king and the minister

In “Mencius’s Talk”, Huang Zongxi first defined the position of the king and the minister in the five zodiac signs, and did not recognize its first position among the five zodiac signs. Secondly, with the help of Mencius’s remarks, Huang Zongxi established a classical basis for the tyrant Ke Ge’s “To be Visited”. Finally, in terms of the duties of the monarch and the ministers, Huang Zongxi led the monarch to be honest and honest, and to govern the whole country with the scholars and officials.

First of all, it is the definition of the ethics of the monarch and minister. Mencius said: “The rules are the ultimate of the world; the sage is the ultimate of human etiquette. If you want to be a king, you should do the way of the king; if you want to be a minister, you should do the way of the minister. Both are completely eliminated by the law.” (“From the Footprint”) This passage of discussion and the monarch and ministers’ monarch and ministers’ monarch and ministers’ monarch and ministers’ monarch and ministers’ monarch, but it does not fully unfold, leaving a series of questions and commentary space: What is the “the ultimate of human etiquette” and how to do the law and rule the monarch and ministers’ monarch and ministe